The House of Cards Is Falling: Why States Should Cooperate on Legal Gambling
نویسنده
چکیده
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 R I. BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 R A. How States Legalize Gambling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 R B. Early History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 R C. How Taxes Are Distributed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 R D. Federalism and Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 R II. MODELS OF COMPETITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 R A. The Prisoner’s Dilemma and the Race to the Bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 R B. Externalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 R III. EVIDENCE OF COMPETITION AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS. . . 220 R A. Are States Really Competing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 R 1. Tax Competition and Unpredictable Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 R 2. Interest Alignment and Revenue Dependence Leads to Concessions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 R 3. Creating New Gamblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 R 4. Deregulations with High Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 R B. New Patterns of Casino Distribution Exacerbate Negative Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 R 1. Regional Monopolies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 R 2. Saturation and Border-Hugging Casinos . . . . . . 235 R C. Local Preferences May Be Overridden . . . . . . . . . . . 237 R IV. WHAT WOULD IMPROVE GAMBLING POLICY? . . . . . . . . . 241 R A. Voluntary Associations/Interstate Compacts . . . . . . . 243 R B. Federal Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 R CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 R
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تاریخ انتشار 2012